Artificial intelligence is no longer only a technological race. It has become a contest over how economies create value, how societies organise work, and ultimately who exercises power. As the United States and China pursue sharply different AI strategies, they are also advancing competing answers to one of the defining questions of the twenty-first century: what—or who—creates value in an age of intelligent machines?

An emerging field from the theory of value
Chinese scholars have even begun developing what they call “AI Marxism” (scholars examining AI through a Marxist framework), an emerging field that revisits classical theories of labour and value through the lens of artificial intelligence. Their central question is both philosophical and economic: where does value originate once intelligent systems perform an increasing share of productive work? Is it generated by the machine itself, by the engineers who designed it, by the workers who supervise it, or by the wider social and institutional systems that make AI possible? These debates are not simply academic. They increasingly inform China’s thinking about industrial policy, employment, and long-term economic sovereignty.
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